What is the Proper Scope of Appraisal in Tennessee?
In the past ten (10) years, we have seen much litigation arise concerning the proper scope of the appraisal clause. Although different policies have different provisions, the “gist” of an appraisal clause can be seen in the following policy provision:
Appraisal
If we and you disagree on the amount of loss, either may make written demand for an appraisal of the amount of loss. In this event, each party will select a competent and impartial appraiser. The two appraisers will select an umpire. If they cannot agree, either may request that selection be made by a judge of a court having jurisdiction. The appraisers will state separately the amount of loss. If they fail to agree, they will submit their differences to the umpire. A decision agreed to by any two will be binding.
These “simple” provisions have created a myriad of issues. Chief among them is – just what exactly is this appraisal condition supposed to decide? It is important for all to understand what binding effect an appraisal award has, and what effect it does not have. The most common dispute centers over questions of coverage and causation. Does the appraisal clause resolve questions of coverage? What about questions of whether a particular element of damage was caused by a particular covered, or non-covered, event.
In Tennessee, the case of Merrimack Mutual Fire Insurance Company v. Batts, 59 S.W. 3d 142 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001), perm app. denied, established that the appraisal process does not resolve questions of causation or coverage. The appellate court specifically noted:
· “An appraiser’s authority is limited to the authority granted in the insurance policy or granted by some other express agreement of the parties.” Id. at 152.
· “The appraisal clause in Mrs. Batts’s homeowners policy is limited to determining the ‘amount of the loss’-the monetary value of property damage.” Id.
· [The appraisal clause] “does not vest the appraisers with the authority to decide questions of coverage and liability.” Id.
In the case, in which I represented the carrier, an appraisal award was entered. The company went through the award, and declined to pay for certain things because they (1) were not covered and/or (2) the damage was not caused by the particular tornado loss at issue.
The Court indicated that questions of coverage and causation were not within the authority of the appraisal panel. These issues could be resolved by the court, if necessary. The court also established that appraisal is NOT arbitration.
That is the right answer, I submit. The Court did note that it would also have been appropriate to go through the claim before entering appraisal, and simply decline to enter appraisal on issues of coverage and causation.
A Follow Up to the Question of When Post-Loss Misrepresentations are Material
There are a few issues here that need to be clarified for our insureds out there who may be dealing with an insurance company making accusations of misrepresentations. First, the rules are different depending on whether the alleged misrepresentation occurred before the loss or after the loss. The one I see more often is the misrepresentation that occurs during the application process. That topic is certainly worthy of several posts on its own, but suffice it to say here that a material misrepresentation on an insurance application that increases the risk of loss can completely void the policy, meaning that the insurance company will refund the premiums as if the policy never existed at all. As for misrepresentations that occur after the loss during the claim process, the law is much more generous to the insured. In those cases, to avoid its obligations under the policy, the insurance company has the burden to show that the misrepresentation was intentional and designed to deceive. A simple mistake isn't enough. For example, if an insured fills out his proof of loss and makes a mistake in adding his personal property inventory and thus fills in the wrong number on the proof of loss, that would not be an intentional misrepresentation.
Another requirement is that the alleged post-loss misrepresentation be material in nature. So what is material? In Nix v. Sentry Ins., 668 S.W.2d 462 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1983), the Court of Appeals dealt with precisely that question. In that case, the issues at trial centered around whether the plaintiff had committed arson and whether the plaintiff had made material misrepresentations regarding what property was actually destroyed by the fire and its value. The trial court found that there was no arson, but that there had been misrepresentations concerning the value of the property destroyed in the fire. The judge therefore found that the insurance company had no liability for the loss. On appeal, the Tennessee Court of Appeals reversed, holding:
When the false swearing is in the application it forms the basis upon which the contract rests, and if fraud enters into it the policy would be voided even though the policy does not so provide. But after the loss occurs then voiding the policy is in the nature of a penalty or forfeiture; in other words, in such cases the holding is virtually that, although the insured has had a loss, and may be entitled to recover from it, yet, as he has been guilty of fraud in the proofs, he must have his policy vacated and set aside as a punishment for such fraud, or attempted fraud. In the latter case, as in all cases of forfeiture, a strict construction should be adopted, and the forfeiture not enforced except on the plainest grounds, if at all.
Nix, 666 S.W.2d at 463-64. Most importantly to the issue of materiality, the court also noted "that if rights are to be forfeited under the terms of this insurance policy, the concealment or misrepresentation made must be relative to the loss claimed." In that case, the insurance company pointed to alleged misrepresentations concerning the insured's financial condition which might have provided a motive for arson, but did not point to any specific misrepresentations in the proof of loss. Because the court found there was no arson, any misrepresentations concerning the insured's financial condition were not material to the issue of his valuation of certain personal property, and the policy could not be voided.
Nix is a very important case, and can be incredibly useful in insurance disputes. It obviously isn't a license to misrepresent material facts, but it does substantially limit an insurance company's ability to void a policy altogether when the alleged misrepresentations just don't have anything to do with the issues at hand.
